CLASS 9 GEOGRPAHY | Important Points and Short Notes | Chapter: 6 Populaton

 CLASS 9 GEOGRPAHY | Important Points and Short Notes | Chapter: 6 Population

Chapter: 6 Population

1. Human beings are producers and consumers of earth's resources. The census of India provide us with information regarding the population of our country. The first census was held in 1872, but complete census was taken was in the year 1881. 

2. POPOULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION- On March 2001 India's population stood at 1.02 billion accounts for 16.7% of the world people are unevenly distributed over our country's vast area of 3.28 million sq. km accounts for 2.4 % of the world area. 

Almost half of India's population lives in 5 states one of them is Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state of India, accounts for 16%  of country's population and other  4 are Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh.

3. India's Population Distribution by Density- Population density is calculated as the number of person per unit area. The population density of India in the year 2001 was 324 persons per sq. km and in West Bengal 904 per sq. km  and 13 person sq. km in Arunachal Pradesh. 

Density also depend on climatic conditions, plains and type of soil of that area. Areas with unfavorable climate are responsible for sparse population and areas with fertile soil, flat plains are responsible for high population.

4. POPULATION GROWTH AND POCESSES OF POPULATION CHANGE - The population are constantly changing and is influencing by the interaction of the 3 processes, namely- births, deaths and migrations.

5. POPULATION GROWTH-  Growth of population refers to the change in the number of inhabitants of a country/territory during a specific period of time. This change can be expressed in 2 ways: in terms of absolute numbers and in terms of % change per year.

The rate or the pace of population increase is studied in per cent per annum, e.g. a rate of increase of 2 per cent per annum means that in a given year, there was an increase of two persons for every 100 persons in the base population. This is referred to as the annual growth rate.

Since 1981, the rate of growth started declining because during this period birth rates declined. India has a very large population so, when a low annual rate is applied to a very large population it yields a large absolute increase.

6. Processes of Population Change/ Growth- There are 3 processes of change of population:

(a) BIRTH RATE: is the number of live births per 1000 persons in a year.

(b) DEATH RATE: is the number of deaths per 1000 persons in a year.

(c) Migration: is the movement of people across regions and territories. Migration can be internal (within the  country) and international (between the countries)

INTERNAL MIGRATION- does not change the size of the population within the nation but influences the distribution of population within the nation. Most migrations have been from rural to urban areas because of "push" factor due to poverty and unemployment in the rural areas. "PULL" of the city in terms of increased employment opportunities.

7. AGE COMPOSITION- The age composition of a population refers to the number of people in different age groups in a country. The population of a nation is generally grouped into 3 broad categories:

(a) Children (below 15 years)

They are economically unproductive and need to be provided with food, clothing, education and medical care.

(b) Working age(15-59 years)

They are economically productive and biologically reproductive.

(c)Aged(above 59 years)

They can be economically productive though they may have retired. They may be working voluntarily but they are not available for employment through recruitment.

8. Sex ration- Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 100 males in the population.

Literacy rates- Literacy is a very important quality of a population. Acc. to Census of 2001, a person aged 7 years who can read and write with understanding in any language is treated as Literate.

9. Occupational Structure - The distribution od the population according to different types is occupation is known as the occupational structure. The proportion of people working in different activities varies in develop and developing countries. 

10. HEALTH- Health is an important component of population composition, which affects if process of development.  Health conditions of the Indian population deaths rates have declines. The substantial improvement is the result of improvement in public health, prevention of infectious disease.

11. Adolescent population- It constitutes one-fifth of the total population of India. Adolescents are generally grouped in the age-group of 10 to 19 years.  The diet available to adolescents is inadequate in all nutrients. The adolescent girls have to be sensitized to the problems they confront. Their awareness can be improved through the spread of literacy and education among them.

12. National Population Policy- The Family Welfare Programme has sought to promote responsible and planned parenthood on a voluntary basis. The National population Policy 2000 is a culmination of years of planned efforts. The NPP 2000 provides a policy framework for imparting free and compulsory school education up to 14 years of age.

13. NPP 2000 and Adolescents- It called for programmes that aim towards encouraging delayed marriage and child-bearing, education of adolescents about the risks of unprotected sex, making contraceptive services accessible and affordable, providing food supplements, nutritional services, strengthening legal measures to prevent child marriage.

People are the nation’s most valuable resource. A well- educated healthy population provides potential power.

CLASS 9 GEOGRAPHY | Important Points & Short notes | Chapter: 5 Natural Vegetation And Wild Life

 CLASS 9 GEOGRAPHY | Important Points & Short notes | Chapter: 5 Natural Vegetation And Wild Life

Chapter: 5 Natural Vegetation And Wild Life

1. India is one of the 12 mega bio-diversity countries of the world with about 47,000 plant species. India occupies 10th place in the world and 4th in Asia in plant diversity. There are about 15,000 flowering plants in India which account for 6 per cent in the world’s total number of flowering plants. The country has many non-flowering plants such as ferns, algae and fungi. India also has approximately 90,000 species of animals as well as a rich variety of fish in its fresh and marine waters.

2. Natural vegetation refers to a plant community which has grown naturally without human aid and has been undisturbed by human is known as virgin vegetation. The term Flora is used to denote plants. Fauna means species of animals. 

3. This huge diversity in flora and fauna kingdom is due to following factors:

A. RELIEF

(a) Land: Land affects the natural vegetation directly and indirectly. The undulating and rough terrains are areas where grassland and woodlands develop and give shelter to a variety of wild life.

(b) Soil: The soils also vary over space. Sandy soils of the desert support cactus and thorny bushes while wet, marshy, deltaic soils support mangroves and deltaic vegetation and the hill slopes with some depth of soil have conical tree.

4. B. CLIMATE

(a)  Temperature:  The fall in the temperature affects the types of vegetation and its growth, and changes it from tropical to subtropical temperate and alpine vegetation.

(b) Photoperiod (Sunlight): Duration of sunlight at different places is because of latitude, altitude. Due to longer duration of sunlight, trees grow faster in summer.

(c) Precipitation: Areas of heavy rainfall have more dense vegetation as compared to less rainfall areas. Forest modify local climate, control soil erosion, regular main stream flow, provide livelihood for many community. It controls wind force and temperature temperature and cause rainfall. . Except in some inaccessible regions like the Himalayas, the hilly region of central India and the marusthali, the vegetation of most of the areas has been modified at some places, or replaced or degraded by human occupancy

5. ECOSYSTEM: All the plants and animals in an area are interdependent and interrelated to each other in their physical environment, thus forming an ecosystem. Human beings are also part of ecosystem they utilize the vegetation and wildlife and their greed leads to over utilization of these resources. The cut the trees and kill the animals due to this some of plants and animals are on a verge of extinction.

6. TYPES OF VEGETATION

(A) Topical Evergreen Forests- These forests are restricted to heavy rainfall areas of the Western Ghats and the island groups of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar, upper parts of Assam and Tamil Nadu coast. The animals found in these forests are elephants, monkey, lemur and deer. The one horned rhinoceros are found in the jungles of Assam.

(B) Tropical Deciduous Forests- These forest are spread on a region receiving rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm. on the basis of availability of water these forest are further divided into  moist and dry deciduous. These forests are found mostly in the eastern part of the country – northeastern states, along the foothills of the Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Orissa and Chhattisgarh, and on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats and the plains of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.  The animals found are lion, tiger, pig, deer and elephant. A huge variety of birds, lizards, snakes, and tortoises are also found here. 

(C) The Thorn forest and Scrubs- In this forest trees are scattered and have long roots deep into soil in order to get moisture. These forests give way to thorn forests and scrubs in arid areas. These forest are mainly found  north-western part of the country including semi-arid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.

7. (D) Montane Forests - The wet temperate type of forests are found between a height of 1000 and 2000 metres. These forests cover mostly the southern slopes of the Himalayas, places having high altitude in southern and north-east India. The animals found are Kashmir stag, spotted dear, wild sheep, jack rabbit, Tibetan antelope, yak, snow leopard, squirrels, Shaggy horn wild ibex, bear and rare red panda, sheep and goats with thick hair.

(E) Mangrove Forest- The mangrove tidal forests are found in the areas of coasts influenced by tides. Mud and silt get accumutated on such coasts. Dense mangroves are the common varieties with roots of the plants submerged under water. Royal Bengal Tiger is the famous animal and turtles, crocodiles, gharials and snakes are found in these forests. 

8. WILD LIFE - India is the only country in he world that has both tigers and Lions. The natural habitat Indian lions is the Gir forest in Gujarat and Tigers are found in the forest of M.P, and the Sunderbans of W.B. Leopards too members od cat family. 

In rivers, lakes and coastal areas, turtles, crocodiles and gharials are found. Birds life in India is colorful. Peacock, pheasant, ducks and Pigeons are some of the birds. 

The major threat to nature are hunting by greedy hunters to commercial purposes. Pollution due to industrial waste  chemical and reckless cutting of forests to bring land under cultivation and inhabitation are also responsible for the imbalance. 

To protect the flora and fauna of the country government has taken many steps:

(a) 14 biosphere reserves have been set up in the country to protect flora and fauna.

(b)) Financial and technical assistance is provided to many Botanical Gardens by the government since 1992.

(c) Project Tiger, Project Rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard and many other eco developmental projects have been introduced.

(d) 89 National Parks, 490 Wildlife sanctuaries and Zoological gardens are set up to take care of Natural heritage.                                

CLASS 12 GEOGRAPHY | Important Points and Short Notes | Chapter: 4 Human Development

CLASS 12 GEOGRAPHY | Important Points and Short Notes | Chapter: 4 Human Development

CHAPTER:4 
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

1.  Growth and Development refer to changes over a period of time. Growth is quantitative and value neutral can be both negative and positive. Development means a quantitative changes which is always positive and can not take place unless an or  increment or addition existing. 

FOR EX:-  The population of a city grows from 1 lakh to 2 lakh over a period, we say the city has grown. However facilities like housing, provision of basic services remain the same then this growth has not been accompanied by development.

2. For many decades, a country' development is measurement by it's economy. But in late 18s and early 2 South Asian economists, Mahbub-ul-Haq and Amartya Sen provide alternative view of development. The concept of human  Human Development was introduced by Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq. He describe human development as development. He said  people's choices are not fixed but keep on changing but the basic goal of development is to create conditions where people can live meaningful lives.

3. Access to resources, health and education are the key areas in human development. An educated child can not make the choice to be a doctor because her choice has got limited by her lack of education and city often poor people cannot choose to take medical treatment for disease because their choice is limited but their lack od resources.

4. The idea of human development is supported by the concept of equity, sustainability, productivity and empowerment.  Equity refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody  irrespective of their gender, race, income and in the Indian case, caste. Sustainability means continuity in the available if opportunities. For having sustainability human development each generation must have same opportunities e.g. Misuse of any of these resources lead to fewer opportunities for future generation.

Productivity means human human labour productivity or productivity in terms of human works by building capabilities in people. Efforts to increase their knowledge, or provide better health facilities. Empowerment means to have the power to make choices by increasing freedom and capabilities. Good governance and people oriented policies are required to empower people.

5. Approaches to Human development are (a)  income approach (b) Welfare approach (c) Basic Needs Approach (d) Capability

6. Human development index(HDI) ranks countries on the basis of their performances in the key areas of health, education and access to resources and ranking on based on a score between 0 to 1. For measuring health, a higher life expectancy means that people have a greater chance of living longer and healthier lives. The adult literacy rate and the gross enrolment ration represent access to knowledge. Access to resources is measured in terms of purchasing power(in U.S. dollars).

7. The closer a score is to 1, the greater  the level of human development. Yet, it is not the most reliable measure because it does not say anything about the distribution. The human poverty index is related to human development index and it measures the shortfall in human development. It is non-income measure. The probability of not surviving till the age of 40, the adult literacy rate, and the number of small  children who are underweight.

There is also discussion regarding a political freedom index, and a listing of the most corrupt countries. Bhutan is the only country in the world to officially proclaim the Gross National Happiness(GNP).

8. Six of the territory and per capita income are not directly related to human development often smaller countries have done better than larger ones in human development e.g. within India, Kerala performs much better than Punjab and Gujarat. High level of human development group has 53 countries where a lot of investment in the social sector has taken place and providing education and healthcare is also important. Most of the countries with a high human development score are locate in Europe.

9. Countries with medium levels of human development from the largest group has 39 countries and has emerged after second world war. Most of these countries improving the or human development score by adopting more people oriented policies and reducing social discrimination. 38 countries record low levels of human development these are small countries going through political turmoil and social instability, famine or high incidence of diseases.

10. For Example, X country has lower human development because its people follow Y religion, or belong to Z community. Such statements are misleading. To understand why a particular region keep reporting low or high levels it is important to look at the pattern of government expenditure on the social sector and amount of freedom people have. Countries with high development invest more in social sectors, generally free from public turmoil.

Places with low levels of human development tend to spend more on defence rather that social sectors and maybe these are located in areas of political instability not been able to initiate accelerated economic development.

CLASS 9 GEOGRAPHY | Important Points and Short Notes | Chapter: 3 Drainage

 CLASS 9 GEOGRAPHY | Important Points and Short Notes | Chapter: 3 Drainage

Chapter: 3 Drainage

1. Drainage describes the river system of an area. The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin. Any elevated area, such as a mountain or an upland, separate two drainage basins known as a water divide.

2. The Indians rivers are divided into 2 major groups: 
(a) Himalayan rivers are perennial means that they have water throughout the year because they receive water from rain as well as from melted snow. They have long courses from their sources to the sea. In the middle and the lower courses, these rivers form meanders, oxbow lakes, and other depositional features in their floodplains.

(b)  Peninsular rivers are seasonal as the or flow is dependent on rainfall. During dry season, even the large rivers have reduces flow of water in their channels. They shorter and shallower courses. 

3. THE HIMALAYAN RIVERS
 The major Himalayan rivers are the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. A river along width its tributaries may be called a river system.
A. THE INDUS RIVER SYSTEM

The river Indus rises in Tibet, near lake Mansarowar. Flowing west it enters India in the Ladakh district of J&K. The Indus flows southwards reaching the Arabian Sea, east of Karachi. Total length of 2900 km.

B. THE GANGA RIVER SYSTEM

The headwaters of the Ganga, called the 'Bhagirathi' is fed by the Gangotru Galcier and joined bt Alkhananda at Devaprayag in Uttarakhand. At Haridwar the ganga emerges from mountains. It is largest river basin in India.

C. THE BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER SYSTEM

The Brahmaputra rises in Tibet east of Mansarowar lake very close to the sources of the Indus and the Satluj. On reaching, Namcha Barwa(7757m), it takes U turn and enters India in Arunachal Pradesh through a gorge. In rainy season, this river over flows causing widespread devastation due to floods in Assam and Bangladesh.

4. THE PENINSULAR RIVERS

 The major rivers of the Peninsula such as the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri flow eastwards and drain into the Bay of Bengal. The Narmada and the Tapi are the only long rivers, which flow west and make esturies. They are small in size.

A. The Narmada Basin

The Narmada rises in the Amarkantak hills in Madhya Pradesh. It flows towards the west in a rift valley formed due to faulting. All the Tributaries join the man at right angles. It control parts of M.P. and Gujarat

B.  THE TAPI BASIN

The Tapi rises in the Satpura Ranges. IT also flows in a rift valley parallel to the Narmada but it is shorter. It cover parts M.P, Gujarat and Maharashtra.  The main west flowing rivers are Sabarmati, Mahi, Bharathpuzha and Periyar.

C. THE GODAVARI BASIN

The Godavari is the largest Peninsular river. It rises from the slopes of the Western Ghats in the Nasik district of Maharashtra. Its length is about 1500 km. It drains into the Bay of Bengal. It is also known as the ' Dakshin Ganga'.

D. THE MAHANADI BASIN

The Mahandi rises in the highlands of Chhattisgarh. The length of the river about 860 km.  Its drainage basin is shared by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha.

E. THE KRISHNA BASIN

It rise from a spring near Mahabaleshwar, the Krshna length is about 1400 km. The Tungabhadra, the Koyana, the Ghatprabha, the Musi and the Bhima are some of its tributaries.

F. THE KAVERI BASIN

It rises in the Brahmagri range of the western Ghats. Total length of Kaveri is about 760 km. Its main tributaries are Amravati, Bhavani, Hemavati and Kabini.

5. LAKES

A meandering, river across a flood plain forms cut offs that later develop into ox bow lakes. sambhar lake in Rajasthan , which is a salt water lake. Its water is used for producing salt.  Most of the fresh lakes are found in Himalayan region. The wular lake in J&K . The Dal lake, Bhimtal, Nainital, Loktak and Barapani are some important fresh lakes. Generation of hydel power has also led to the formation of Lake as such as Guru Gobind Sagar.

6. ROLE OF RIVERS IN THE ECONOMY

Rivers have been of fundamental importance throughout the human history. Water from the rivers is a basic natural resource, essential for various human activities. Therefore, the river banks have attracted settlers from ancient times. A country like India, where agriculture is the major source of livelihood of the majority of its population.

7. RIVER POLLUTION

The growing domestic, municipal, industrial and agricultural demand for water from rivers naturally affects the quality of water. As a result, more and more water is being drained out of the rivers reducing their volume. The increasing urbanisation and industrialisation do not allow it to happen and the pollution level of many rivers has been rising. “life of human beings without fresh water”.

CLASS 12 GEOGRAPHY | Important Points & Short Notes | Chapter: 2 Physical Features of India

 CLASS 12 GEOGRAPHY | Important Points &  Short Notes | Chapter: 2 Physical Features of India

Chapter:- 2 

Physical Features of India

1. In our country India has all major physical features of the earth i.e. mountains, plains, deserts, plateaus and islands. We find different types of rocks: some are hard rock like marble and other are very soft soap stone like talcum powder.

2. Soil is formed out of different types of stone.  One such plausible theory is the "Theory of Plate Tectonic" According to this theory, the crust(upper part) of the earth has been formed out of seven major and some minor plates. 

3. The movement of these plates leading to folding, faulting and volcanic activity. When some plates come towards each other and form convergent boundary. Some plates move away from each other and form divergent boundary . They may also horizontally past each other and form transform boundary.

4. The older landmass, (the peninsula part) was a part of the Gondwana land, it includes India, Australia, South Africa, South Africa and  Antarctica as one landmass. The sedimentary rocks which were accumulated in the geosyncline known as The tethys form the mountain system of western Asia and Himalaya. 

5. The northern plains are formed of alluvial deposits. The peninsula plateau is composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The physical features of India can be divides into 6 physiographic divisions are: The Himalayan Mountains, The Northern Plains, The Peninsula Plateau, The Indian Desert, The Coastal Plains and The Islands.

6. (a) The Himalaya Mountains - They are young fold mountains stretch over northern borders of India. . These mountain ranges run in a west-east direction from the Indus to the Brahmaputra and form an arc covers a distance of about 2,400 Km. The northern most range known as The Great or Inner Himalayas or 'Himadri' with average height 6.000 metre. The range lying to the south as Himachal or Lesser Himalaya. The outer most as Shiwaliks.

7.(b) Northern Plains- These mountains has been formed by three major river namely- The Indus, The ganga and the Brahmaputra along their tributaries. It spreads over 7 sq. Km about 2400 long and 240 to 320 km broad. This usually describe as flat land with no variation. Northern plain is divided into 4 regions:

A. Bhabar - Narrow belt of 8 to 16 Km parallel to the slopes of Shiwalik is known as Bhabar. The streams and rivers re-emerge and create a wet, swampy and marshy regions known as terai.

B. Bhangar - Largest part of northern plain is formed of older alluvium and they lie above the flood plains of rivers and present a terrace.

C. Kankar- The soil in bhangar region contains calcareous deposits.

D. Khadar- The newer, younger deposits of the flood plains and they are renewed every year so are fertile, ideal for intensive agriculture.

8.(c) The Peninsualar Plateau- It is composed of old crystalline, ifneaous and metamorphic and formed due to breaking and drifting of the Gondwana land. It consists of 2 broad divisions  are this part lies to the north od the Narmada river covering a major area of the Malwa plateau known as Central highlands and The triangular landmass that lies to the south of the river Narmada known as Deccan Plateau and it is also visible is northeast locally known as Meghalaya.

9.(d) The Indian Desert- This desert lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills and it's sandy plain is covered with sand dunes. Receive very low rainfall below 150mm streams appears in rainy season they disappear into sand reason not enough water to reach sea. Luni river is the only river here.

 

10(e) The Coastal Plains- This is flanked by stretch of narrow coastal strips, running along the Arabian Sea on the west and Bay of Bengal on the east.

 Between western Ghats and the Arabian sea is a narrow plain the northern park is known as Konkan (Mumbai-Goa), the central stretch as Kannad plain and the southern as Malabar coast. 

The plains of Bay of Bengal the northern part of it known as Northern Circar , the southern as Coromandel Coast. Lake Chilika is on its eastern coast. 

11(f) The Islands- There are two groups of Islands. The Lakshadweep Islands lying close to Malabar coast OF Kerala is composed of small coral Islands and Kavaratti islands is the administrative headquarters. The Pitti island is inhabited has a bird sanctuary.

The Andaman in the north and Nicobar islands in the south there is great diversity of flora and fauna. These island lie close to equator and experience equatorial climate and has thick forest cover. India's only active volcano found on Barren island here

CLASS 12 GEOGRAPHY | Important points and short notes | Chapter: 3 Population Composition

 CLASS 12 GEOGRAPHY | Important points and short notes | Chapter: 3 Population Composition 

 CHAPTER: 3 POPULATION COMPOSITION

 

1. People of any country can be distinguished by their age, sex, and their place of residence, and other distinguished are occupation, education and life expectancy.

2. The ration between the number of women and men in the population is called the Sex ratio. Sex ration is important to know the status of female in a country. In some countries, it is calculated by using the formula:
Male population\Female population * 1000
In India the sex ration is calculates by this formula:
Female population\Male population * 1000

3. Where gender discrimination is rampant, the sex ration is bound to be unfavourable to females. the sex ration is favorable for females in 139 countries of the world and unfavourable for them in 72 countries. Practice of infanticide and domestic violence against women are prevalent is one of the reason for lower socio-economic status of women. The more women in the population doesn't mean they have better status might men have migrated to other areas for employment.

4. The world population sex ration is of 102 males per 100 females. The highest sex ration in the world recorded in Latvia with 85 males per 100 females. Lowest sex ration is in Qatar with 311 males per 100 females. Asia has low sex ration Countries like China, Pakistan, India, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan.

5. Age structure represents the number of people of different age groups. A large population in  the age group of 15-59 years indicates a large working population. A greater proportion of population above 60 years represents ageing population that requires expenditure on health care facilities care. Young population means that region has high birth rate and population is youthful.

6. Age- sex pyramids represents the numbers of males and females in different age groups and shapes represent characteristics of the population. Nigeria Age-sex pyramid is triangular shaped with a wild base and is typical of less developed. Australia's age-sex pyramid  shows births and death rates are almost equal leading to constant population. Japan age-sex pyramid shows population growth is zero or negative. 

7. Division of population into rural and urban is based on the residence, and their life styles differ because of livelihood, social conditions. occupation, density of population, level of development. Rural areas people are engaged in primary activities and urban areas people are engaged in non-primary activities.

8. The excess of female in urban areas of U.S.A., Canada and Europe is the result of job opportunities and security. Farming in developed country is also highly mechanised and is largely done by males. But in male dominated countries like India, Females participation in farming activity in rural area is fairly high. Shortage of housing, paucity in job opportunities and lack of security in cities, discourage women to migrate from rural to urban areas.

9. Working population take parts in manufacturing, agriculture, communication and many other unclassified services. Agriculture, fishing are classifies as primary activities manufacturing as secondary activity, communication and other services as tertiary activities and jobs related to research, information, as quaternary activities. 

10.These sectors are indicators of level of development. If economy is still in the primitive stages the means large number of people are engaged in primary activities, world be high as it involves extraction of natural resources. 

CLASS 9 | Geography Important points and short notes | Chapter 1 India - Size and location

     CLASS 9 | Geography Important points and short notes | Chapter 1 India - Size and location

CHAPTER : 1 

INDIA - SIZA AND LOCATION

1. India lying entirely in Northern Hemisphere. It extends between latitudes 8ᶱ4' N and 37ᶱ 6' N and longitudes 68ᶱ7' E and 97ᶱ 25' E.

2. Tropic of cancer 23ᶱ 30' N divides the India two equal parts to southwest and southeast. The Andaman and Nicobar islands in Bay of Bengal in the east and Arabian Sea in west. India has 28 states and 8 union territories.

3. The southern most part of India named Indira point submerged in sea water in 2004 tsunami. Land mass of India has an area of 3.28 million square per km total area accounts for about 2.4% of total geographical area.

4. India is the 7th largest country in the world. India has boundary of about 15,200 km and mainland including Andaman and Nicobar & Lakshadweep is 7,516.6 km. Maldives Islands are situated to the south of the Lakshadweep Islands.

5. There is 2 hours time lag between Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh. Hence, time along the Standard Meridian of India (82ᶱ 30' E) passing through Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh) is taken as the standard time for the whole country. The latitudinal extent influences the duration of the day and night.

6. India is an southward extension of the Asian continent The trans Indian Ocean routes, which connect the countries of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia. The Deccan Peninsula protrudes into the Indian Ocean, thus helping India to establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast and with Southeast and East Asia from the eastern coast.

7. India's eminent position in the Indian ocean which justifies the naming of an Ocean after it. After. the opening of Suez canal in 1869, India's distance from Europe has been reduced by 7,000 Km.

8. India shares its land boundaries with Pakistan and Afghanistan in the northwest. China(Tibet), Nepal and Bhutan in the north and Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east. Our southern neighbours across the sea consists of 2 islands countries namely Sri Lanka and Maldives. Sri Lanka is separated from India by the Palk Strait and Gulf of Manner.

CLASS 12 | Geography Important points and Short notes | Chapter 2 The world population Distribution, Density and Growth

CLASS 12 | Geography Important points and Short notes | Chapter 2 The world population Distribution, Density and Growth

 CHAPTER :- 2 

 THE WORLD POPULATION 

DISTRIBUTION, DENSITY AND GROWTH

1. People of a country are its real wealth. Ultimately a country is known by its people. How many men and women a country has, and how many children born and die? Whether they live in cities or villages? Can they write and read? What work they do?

2. Population of the world is unevenly distributed. Population distribution and density help us to understand the demographic characteristic of any area. 90% of the world population lives in about 105 of its land.

The 10 most populous countries of the world.

3. The ration between the numbers of people to the size of land. This ratio is the density of population.

Density of population =  Population/Area

Asia has the highest density of population.

4. Geographical Factors 

(a) Availability of water : Water is used for drinking, bathing and cooking – and also for cattle, crops, industries and navigation. It is because of this that river valleys are among the most densely populated.

(b) Landforms : People prefer living on flat plains and gentle slopes. This is because such areas are favourable for the production of crops and to build roads and industries. Mountains zones in the Himalayas are scarcely populated.

(c) Climate :  An extreme climate such as hot or cold deserts are uncomfortable for human habitation.  Mediterranean regions were inhabited from early periods in history due to their pleasant climate.

(d) Soils: : Fertile soils are important for agricultural and allied activities.Fertile loamy soils have more people living on them as these can support intensive agriculture.

5. Economic Factors 

(a)  Minerals :  Areas with mineral deposits attract industries, mining and industrial generate employment. So, skilled and semi-skilled work move to these places.

(b) Urbanisation : Places with better employment, educational and medical facilities, etc draws peoples to these places. It leads to rural to urban migration. Mega citites of the world continue to attract large no. of people.

(c) Industrialisation : Industrial belts provide job opportunities and attract large number of people not just factory workers but also transport operators, shopkeepers, doctors and other service providers. Kobe-Osaka region of Japan is thickly populated.

6. Social and Cultural Factors

Some places attract more people because they have religious or cultural significance. People tend to move away from places where there is social and political unrest.

7.  Birth, Death and migration are the three component of population.

CBR = Bi/p * 1000 (is used to calculate no. of live births in a year per 1000 person)

CBR = Crude Birth Rate; Bi = live births during the year; P=Mid year population of the area.

CDR = D/p * 1000 (is used to calculate no. of death in a year per thousand)

CBR = Crude Birth Rate; Bi = live births during the year; P=Mid year population of the area.

8. People move from one place to another, the place they move form is called Place of Origin and the place they move to is called Place of Destination. Migration can be permanent, temporary or seasonal, urban to urban and urban to rural areas. Same person is both an immigrant and an emigrant.

Immigration: Migrants who move into a new place.

Emigration: Migrants who move out of a place.

9. Push factor make the place of origin less attractive due to reasons like unemployment, poor living and etc

Pull factors make the place of destination more attractive for reasons like peace and security of life , living conditions and , many more things.

10. Human population increased more than ten times in the past 500 hundred years. In the twentieth century itself the population increased 4 times. Developed countries take more times to double their population as compared to developing countries.

11. Demographic transition theory describes and predict the future population of any area. Changes like high births and high death to low births and low deaths as society progresses from agrarian and illiterate to urban industrial and literate society these changes occurs.

The first stage has high fertility and high mortality because people reproduce more to compensate foe the deaths due epidemics and variable food supply. 200 years ago all the countries are in this stage.

In the beginning of second stage fertility remain high but it declines and accompanied by reduced mortality rate. Improvements in sanitation and health conditions lead to decline in mortality. 

In the last stage, both fertility and mortality decline. Population becomes more urbanised , literate and has high technical know. That's how population controls.

The present day, different country are at different stages of demographic transition.

CLASS 12 Geography | Important points and short notes | Chapter 1 human geography nature and scope

CLASS 12 Geography | Important points and short notes | Chapter 1 human geography nature and scope      

 CHAPTER :- 1 

      Human geography Nature and scope

 1. Geography as a field of study is integrative, empirical, and practical. Earth comprises two major components: nature(physical environment) and life forms(including human brings).

2. Human geography studies "the relationship between the physical/natural and the human worlds, the spatial distributions of human phenomena and how they come about, the social and economic differences between different parts if the world."

3. The core concern of geography as a discipline is to understand the earth as home of human beings and to study all those elements that sustained them. Geography got subjected to dualism.

4. Nature and human are inseparable elements and should be seen holistically. Physical and human phenomena are described in metaphors(using a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.)  ‘face’ of the earth, ‘eye’ of the storm, ‘mouth’ of the river, ‘snout’ (nose)of the glacier, ‘neck’ of the isthmus and ‘profile’of the soil. Regions, villages, towns as ‘organisms’. State/country as a ‘living organism’. Networks of road, railways and water ways  as “arteries of circulation".

5. Houses, villages, cities, road-rail networks, industries, electricity, items of our daily use have been created by human beings using the resources provided by physical environment.While physical environment has been modified by human beings.

6. Human interact with physical environment with the help of technology. It is not important what human produce and create, extremely important is "with the help of what tools and techniques do they produce and create". They develop technology after they develop better understanding of natural laws. 

for  instances :-  the laws of aerodynamics to develop faster planes, the secrets of DNA and genetics enable us to conquer diseases, etc.

7. Interaction between primitive human society and strong forces of nature was known as environmental determinism. Nature provides opportunities and human being make use of these and slowly nature gets humanised and starts bearing the imprints of human endeavour.

8.A geographer, Griffith Taylor introduced another concept which reflects a middle path (Madhyam Marg) between the two ideas of environmental determinism and possibilism . He termed it as Neo-determinism or stop and go determinism. It means that human can conquer nature by obeying it.

9.  It means that possibilities can be created within the limits which do not damage the environment and  there is no free run without accidents.  The neo-determinism conceptually attempts to bring a balance nullifying the ‘either’‘or’ dichotomy.

10. The process of adaptation, adjustment with and modification of the environment started with the appearance of human beings over the surface of the earth in different ecological niches. Travellers and explorers used to disseminate information about the areas of their visits. Navigational skills were not developed and voyages were fraught with dangers. The late fifteenth century witnessed attempts of explorations in Europe and slowly the myths and mysteries about countries and people started to open up. This is the process of development of human geography.

11. Broad stages and Thrust of Human geography

 

12. Human geography and Sister Disciplines of social sciences